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Although these names are not applied explicitly to every work in the following chapters, that’s not to say that they cannot be. You are encouraged to ask which narrative moment a work represents and how that decision affects the presentation and meaning of the art. Your answers to these and other questions on the themes covered can serve as some of the building blocks of art historical studies.

1 John R. Clarke, Art in the Lives of Ordinary Romans: Visual Representation and Non‐Elite Viewers in Italy, 100 B.C.–A.D. 315 (Berkeley 2003). Examines the art designed for and sometimes created by slaves, former slaves, foreigners, and the free poor in the Roman world.

2 Christopher H. Hallett, The Roman Nude: Heroic Portrait Statuary 200 B.C.–A.D. 300 (Oxford University Press 2005). Surveys the many examples of male and female nude portrait and sets them in cultural context. Investigates the origins and Roman understanding of these portraits using nudity as an important form of costume.