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The passive has two dramas: firstly, in passive mode, we cannot be autonomous in terms of heating and secondly, there has been an increase in the amount of materials (insulation and additional sheaths, the increase in the volume built), which totally goes against the idea of economy of materials.

The third point to which I hold: we must not forget the human being. Humans must keep control of their habitat and all the systems in which they find themselves immersed.

So, to answer the question asked: obviously the architect must be part of the solution; the architect can in no way be part of the problem!

Thank you for your attention.

1) Student at ENSA Marseille:

What struck me in the presentation was the use of the term sustainable development rather than sustainability. In sustainable development there is the allusion to development and durability which confronts the building with its finiteness: we want it to stay forever. Are the two terms the same for you?

André De Herde: We looked for another term for a very long time. We found no other better term than sustainable development. But it is true that we should talk about architecture as something that needs to be supported (the French term “soutenir” can both be translated as “sustain” and “support”), in the same way that a supporter supports a sports team, but the expression “sustainable architecture” did not work. “Sustainable development” was the expression used by everyone, which is why we made a definition that is different from the definition of something “durable over time”, like concrete, for example. But you are right, it is “sustainable development” in the sense that it can be supported, not in the sense “that it can last over time”. However, if you find another word, I am open to suggestions.