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The combination of endoscopy and fluoroscopy has led to the establishment of interventional endoscopy and radiology. In recent years, the concept has been adopted by the veterinary field. Multipurpose MIS rooms integrating interventional endoscopy and interventional radiology furthered the concept of hybrid rooms (ssss1a).

The above require fluoroscopy equipment (C‐arm), either a floor‐wheeled unit or ceiling boom suspended unit. Radiation protection is required. Endo‐ultrasonography is also a modality commonly available in human medical hybrid settings, though rarely incorporated into veterinary medicine [80–84]. In human hospitals, complex hybrid rooms also comprise interventional computed tomography or interventional magnetic resonance units for intraoperative imaging, navigation, planning, and reconstruction, often mounted on suspended racks [65, 86].

1 1. Brandão, F., Chamness, C. Imaging equipment and operating room setup. Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy, 2015, 31–39.