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(A)(B)

Source: Reproduced with permission from Zaruby [13].

Please note that most descriptions in this section refer to right‐handed surgeons, preparing to take a right to left suture bite, for the purpose of increased readability. The instruments involved usually consist of a needle driver in the dominant hand (right in the examples here) and either a good‐quality grasper or a second needle driver in the non‐dominant (left) hand.

A fundamental difference between laparoscopic and open suturing is the restricted instrument mobility. The surgeon is confined by the cannula placement to a single arc of rotation perpendicular to the axis of the instrument. The cannula placement has to be as ideal as possible to make suturing easier. ssss1 depicts the ideal cannula placement for knot tying. However, small animal surgeons often have to compromise on the classical triangulation due to animal size, and if suturing is done bilaterally.

ssss1 Classical cannula triangulation to optimize instrument angles and working distances for laparoscopic knot tying and suturing.