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Numerous factors influence utilization, including bean type and cultivar selection, cropping environment and systems, storage conditions and handling infrastructure, processing, and final product preparation. Further, nutrient content and bioavailability are dramatically influenced by these conditions. Antinutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and phytic acid) have long been recognized as concerns and require appropriate processing conditions to ameliorate adverse effects. However, it is noted that some of the antinutrients may have therapeutic value, e.g., tannins and phenolics (Uebersax et al. 1989; Sathe 2012).

ssss1 Nutritional benefits of dry beans versus cereal grains (data for dry beans is average of pinto, navy, red kidney, and black beans, and average of wheat, corn, sorghum, and oat for cereal grains).

Source: Based on data from USDA (2021).

ssss1 A selection of common dry beans and pulses. (For color detail, please see color plate section.)

Source: Original image by author, M.A. Uebersax.