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Unless a geographical text is explicitly associated with an expedition it is difficult to determine whether geographical writers actually traveled the lands they describe or relied on other reports. A few sources from the later Roman period do show that new itineraries and maps were produced for and as a result of travel in the Near East. Several seventh- to twelfth-century manuscripts provide the texts of the Itinerarium provinciarum Antonini Augusti and Imperatoris Antonini Augusti itinerarium maritimum, two lists of land and sea routes around the Roman Empire for the third century CE, colloquially called the Antonine Itinerary. The land itinerary originated with the expedition of Caracalla (M. Aurelius Antoninus) to Egypt in 214–215 CE, based on the longest route listed in the text, from Rome to Hierasycaminos, Egypt via Asia Minor and Syria, and subsequent emperors added routes as was needed, at least until Diocletian in the 290s (Cuntz 1929: iv–v; Dilke 1985: 125; Löhberg 2006: 7ff; for the route from Rome to Hierasycaminos (now under Lake Nassar): ItAnt 124,8–162,4). A few routes are provided for the Near East, including the Syrian leg of the long Rome-to-Egypt route which passes through Tarsus, Mopsuestia, Alexandria ad Issum, Antioch, Laodicea, Byblos, Berytus, Tyre, Sidon, Caesarea, Raphia, Pelusium (in addition to many other smaller cities), and on to Alexandria (ItAnt 145,6–154,5 (Löhberg)). Inland the itinerary is divided into several shorter routes between major centers: Germanica through Zeugma or Samosata to Edessa (ItAnt 184,1–185,3 and 188,7–189,5 (via Zeugma), 186,1–187,1 (via Samosata)), Antiochia to Emesa (ItAnt 187,2–188,3), Carrhae to Hierapolis/Bambyke (ItAnt 192,4–193,1), Cyrrhus to Emesa (ItAnt 193,2–194,6), Eumari through Damascus and Scythopolis to Neapolis (ItAnt 195,9–197,4), and from Neapolis through Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) to Askalon on the coast (ItAnt 199,11–200,3). A pilgrim itinerary from 333 CE, the Itinerarium Burdigalense (Codex Parisinus 4808), delineates another route along the coast from Antiochia to Caesarea, then inland through Scythopolis and Neapolis to Jerusalem (Geyer 1898: iv–viii; ItBurg 581,4–589,6 (Cuntz)).