Читать книгу Innovation in Sport. Innovation Trajectories and Process Optimization онлайн

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Thus, Martha’s (2006) account of technological innovations modifying BASE jump practices only partially describes how practitioners became interested in the invention. As a result, she hardly discusses how the invention was not only adopted, but adapted to a physical environment (take-off site, air) and social environment (uses, techniques, conceptions), which were both evolving together.

KEY POINTS – The studies included in this first set of theories have the merit of highlighting the role of social factors and the influence of the global innovation environment. They sometimes deal with cases of resistance or failure to spread, which can be considered as failures. From this point of view, innovation appears less as a result than as a process; it is not limited to the emergence of a novelty, however ingenious it may be, and only succeeds when it is adopted by an environment and goes hand in hand with the renewal of social practices as much as of productive systems. Such works have thus made it possible to anchor technical constraints in their social, economic and cultural contexts, in order to underline the complexity and the progressiveness of the processes of sports innovations (Vigarello 1988; Chantelat 1993; Pociello 1995). The five factors that facilitate diffusion (relative advantage, compatibility, simplicity, trialability and observability) also constitute a solid basis for analyzing the downstream phase of innovation trajectories.