Читать книгу Innovation in Sport. Innovation Trajectories and Process Optimization онлайн

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Take, for example, the stormy history of kitesurfing. This is not one of a brilliant intuition and first prototypes progressively perfected to the point of performance for a public captive to this invention (Boutroy et al. 2014). From the elaboration of the first inventions by lead users to an undeniable commercial success, it took two decades of reversals, failures and transformations to laboriously extend, through translations of heterogeneous interests, a socio-technical network associating pioneer users, capricious wind, fickle journalists, patents, tourist actors (agencies, service providers), irreducible waves, board and sail manufacturers, fickle sports federations, political elected officials and Kevlar threads, among other factors. Rech and Paget (2018) pointed out that the socio-technical approach allowed for a consolidated understanding of innovation networks in the outdoor sports sector, for example the difficult territorial innovation and practices in a small winter sports resort (Rech et al. 2009); or the creation of a company and the uncertain launch of innovative services (Paget et al. 2010). The success of these innovations is each time linked to the consolidation of an extended chain of human actors (managers, supervisors, elected officials, athletes, etc.) and non-human elements (slope, wall, snow, wind, etc.). This work also reminds us that innovation often goes hand in hand with the emergence of controversies that need to be resolved (see, for example, the case of the development of motorized recreation in a natural park (Haye and Mounet 2014)).