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By the late 19th century, scholars were well aware of the persistence of other, more extended and complex constructions in the landscape: town and city layouts, field patterns, village ground footprints and settlement patterns often followed agrarian structures established in the Middle Ages or even earlier. These elements attracted the attention of historians and legal specialists, philologists, geographers and architects from across the globe. This shared interest is partially explained by the development of increasingly detailed representations of space. Cartography made a significant leap forward at this time due to an increase in the precision of geodesic measurements and to new projection systems. Vast mapping campaigns were carried out over the course of the 19th century, establishing or updating national cartographic references by means of detailed surveys, at scales of 1:10,000, 1:40,000, etc. At the same time, cadastral surveys were carried out on an even larger scale: 1:1,250, 1:2,500, etc. (Steinberg 1982; Maurin 1992). Finally, the increase in the production and availability of travel guides provided further helpful tools for the first city and town planners, who were able to consult and compare existing layouts (Lavedan 1926a, p. 91).