Читать книгу Resilience. Persistence and Change in Landscape Forms онлайн

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Until the 1980s–1990s, morphologists aimed to identify the traces of plans and parcel systems, based on a preconceived notion of the finished form which they were presumed to have in ancient and medieval times. This mother form was used as a reference for hypothetical reconstructions of missing sections on maps. In the context of the ancient world, many methods used standardized grids based on the most common dimensions of contemporary planned parcel systems, transferred onto an overlay then held up against topographical maps or aerial photographs (Chouquer 1990). For ancient urban environments, P. Pinon pioneered the use of “programmatic plans” using a unique, module-based orthogonal grid, based on current city layouts (Pinon 1994)ssss1. This approach consists of looking for traces on modern maps and photographs that correspond to the grid layout. However, it leaves little room for the geographical particularities of specific sites, which may warp the grid; the grid takes priority over the actual forms of the site. Studying planned layouts in this way implies a minimization of the effects of both time and space.