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Niebuhr, B.—History of Rome. Translated by Walter (F.), Smith (W.), and Schmitz (L.). London, 1827-44.
Pelham, H.—Outlines of Roman History. London, 1893.
Peter, C.—Geschichte Roms. Halle, 1881.
Ranke, L. von.—Weltgeschichte. Thl. II. (“die römische Republik und ihre Weltherrschaft”). Thl. III. (“das altrömische Kaiserthum”). Leipzig, 1883.
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CHAPTER I
THE EARLIEST CONSTITUTION OF ROME
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§ 1. The Growth of the City
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In the developed political life of Italy there is a survival of a form of association known as the pagus[1]—an ethnic or, at least, a tribal unit, which is itself composed of a number of hamlets (vici, οἶκοι). This district with its group of villages perhaps represents the most primitive organisation of the Italian peoples engaged in agriculture and pastoral pursuits.[2] The pagus seems to resemble the tribe (tribus) of the fully formed city-state,[3] while the vicus may often have represented, or professed to represent, a simple clan (gens). In the centre of the district lay a stronghold (arx, castellum), in which the people took shelter in time of danger.