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I have not included those countries—Russia, Poland, and Austria—where the old currency has long been bankrupt. But it will be observed that, even apart from the countries which have suffered revolution or defeat, no quarter of the world has escaped a violent movement. In the United States, where the gold standard has functioned unabated, in Japan, where the war brought with it more profit than liability, in the neutral country of Sweden, the changes in the value of money have been comparable with those in the United Kingdom.

Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices expressed as a Percentage of 1913 (1).

Monthly Average. United Kingdom (2). France. Italy. Germany. U.S.A. (3). Canada. Japan. Sweden. India. 1913 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 .. 1914 100 102 96 106 98 100 95 116 100 1915 127 140 133 142 101 109 97 145 112 1916 160 189 201 153 127 134 117 185 128 1917 206 262 299 179 177 175 149 244 147 1918 227 340 409 217 194 205 196 339 180 1919 242 357 364 415 206 216 239 330 198 1920 295 510 624 1,486 226 250 260 347 204 1921 182 345 577 1,911 147 182 200 211 181 1922 159 327 562 34,182 149 165 196 162 180 1923ssss1 159 411 582 765,000 157 167 192 166 179

(1) These figures are taken from the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics of the League of Nations. (2) Statist up to 1919; thereafter the median of the Economist, Statist, and Board of Trade Index Numbers. (3) Bureau of Labour Index Number (revised).