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Fig. 94.—7, 8, thorax of Tipula gigantea; 9, of Leptis; 10, thorax of Tabanus bromius after the removal of the abdomen, in order to bring into view the inner mesophragma (f), and to show the extension of the metathorax g and g′; tr, trochanter; 11, hind end of the mesothorax, the entire metathorax, and the 1st and 2d abdominal segments of Volucella zonaria, seen from the side. The internal mesophragma (f), and the position of the muscle inserted in it, are indicated by the two lines M. p, Callus postalaris; pr (pz in 8), callus præalaris Osten Sacken (= “patagium” of some authors); g, metanotum; g′, metepimerum, “segment médiaire” of Latreille (wrongly considered by him to be the 1st abdominal segment); 4, metasternum (hypopleura of Osten Sacken); 5 (? “episternum of metathorax” (Brauer) = metapleura of Osten Sacken); 6, and also H, halter; st¹, mesothoracic stigma; st², metathoracic stigma; st³, first abdominal stigma; γ, dorsopleural; δ, sternopleural; ε, mesopleural sutures; h, 1st, i, 2d, abdominal segment; al, wing; alul, alula. 12, the head and the three thoracic rings, and the 1st abdominal segment of Ephemera vulgata, the connecting membranes are in white: a, prothorax; b, præscutum; c, scutum; d, scutellum; e, postscutellum; ps, postscutellum of mesothorax.—After Brauer.