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Elizabeth A. Swanson

 Endoscopic instruments are modified basic surgical instruments and include forceps, scissors, tissue retractors, and needle holders.

 Types of forceps include grasping, dissection, and biopsy.

 The working end has a single‐ or double‐action mechanism.

 For most surgical application in small animals, 5 mm instruments are adequate.

 Endoscopic instrument packs should include traditional open surgical instruments for securing of drapes and initial port entry and possible for conversion to open surgery.

Endoscopic surgical instruments are designed to have the same functions as traditional open surgical instruments and thus are simply modifications of the basic instrument categories, including forceps (grasping, dissecting, and biopsy), scissors, tissue retractors, and needle holders. Several manufacturers provide a wide variety of minimally invasive instrumentation for use in both human and veterinary endoscopic surgery. In this section, we will focus on instruments most commonly used in small animal laparoscopic and thoracoscopic procedures. We will also discuss some instruments used in human surgery with potential for veterinary application.