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Regretfully, many important contributors to the field were not mentioned in this text, for sake of brevity. Many pioneers contributed milestone developments and achieved glorious things, despite technological limitations and often in a skeptic environment. To these, we collectively want to express our gratitude for their hard work paving the road to contemporary MIS. Thank you!

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2 2 Nezhat, C. (2011). Nezhat's History of Endoscopy: A Historical Analysis of Endoscopy's Ascension Since Antiquity. Tuttlingen, Germany: EndoPress.

3 3 Harrison, R.M. (1980). Historical development of laparoscopy in animals. In: Animal Laparoscopy (eds. R.M. Harrison and D.E. Wildt), 1–14. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

4 4 Litynski, G.S. (1998). Kurt Semm and the fight against skepticism: endoscopic hemostasis, laparoscopic appendectomy, and Semm's impact on the "laparoscopic revolution". JSLS 2 (3): 309–313.