Читать книгу Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy онлайн

58 страница из 232

A number of simulation models have been presented and can currently be divided into three main categories: physical task trainers; virtual reality (VR); and hybrid, or augmented reality (AR), models combining VR with synthetic tissue models.

Another terminology for simulation is to denote how life‐like or “real” the model is perceived. Low fidelity tasks are often simple task trainers utilizing low cost materials. Cadaver training has been denoted to vary from medium fidelity to high [5], depending on species, surgery type practiced, and cadaver condition. Live animal models, if utilizing the patient species, is an example of a high fidelity model. Recently, higher fidelity synthetic models are being developed for small animal use [16], but they currently have limited availability. However, some models developed for use in human surgery may be of value also for veterinary training.

Box trainers have in common that tasks are performed using regular laparoscopic instruments in a box containing a camera, which projects onto a computer, mobile device, or TV screen. A number of box trainers are commercially available (ssss1) and carry the advantages of being portable and highly versatile. Utilizing a variety of video‐capable devices, homemade trainers can be a very cost‐effective alternative [17, 18]. An example of a homemade trainer used in the author's Veterinary Applied Laparoscopic Training (VALT) laboratory is presented in ssss1–ssss1. Homemade versions are used solely for practice and not for skills assessments.