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6 Packaging in polyethylene (PE) bags. Beans in 100‐pound (45.5‐kg) PE bags are stacked on pallets for truck or rail car shipment.

7 Packaging in the “super sack” PE totes. Beans in 2,200‐pound (1,000‐kg) PE totes are warehoused for rail or truck shipment.A variety of high‐efficiency equipment is used to perform above‐mentioned postharvest operations; further details are discussed in the following sections.

ssss1 Harvesting through packaging and warehousing of dry beans. (For color detail, please see color plate section.)

Source: Original images by authors.

Following harvest, beans are delivered to the elevator where samples are taken from each load to check for quality, color, and foreign material. All edible dry beans have a thin seed coat layer that is easily damaged in handling or drying. The bean moisture content is among the most important considerations following harvest (Rodiño et al. 2011; Bradford et al. 2018). Unless specific handling equipment is available, most farm operators should not consider moving beans to market if the moisture content is below 15% or above 18% (Maddex 1978). Most beans are harvested with combines, which results in direct mechanical damage to the beans in part due to impact loading. Mechanical damage can result from bean impact velocity, moisture content, temperature, and the size of bean.