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ssss1 Direct combining navy beans in Michigan.

The use of marker‐assisted breeding for SNF related traits is one way to circumvent the need to select under low N conditions. Multiple studies have been undertaken to identify QTL that enhance SNF. One study was undertaken in a black bean population that was a cross between a commercial variety Zorro and a Mexican landrace, long reported to have high SNP capacity (Chaverra and Graham 1992; Heilig et al. 2017a). GWAS studies on Andean and Middle American diversity panels both identified multiple SNF related QTL (Kamfwa et al. 2015; Oladzad et al. 2020). These studies offer potential candidates for marker‐assisted breeding.

In the US, canned bean products represent a major segment of the dry bean market. As a ready‐to‐eat food, canned beans offer a convenient alternative to home preparation of dry beans, which require long cooking times. The value of canned bean products in the US in 2020 was $2.5 billion. This is 13% of the canned food market value and 82% of US dry bean dollars is associated with canned products (Nielsen Consumer LLC). For a dry bean variety to be commercially successful it must meet industry standards for processing quality and bean breeders have incorporated canning quality as a trait for improvement. A comparison of canning quality characteristics in five historically important navy bean varieties released from 1915 to 2008 revealed no difference in visual appearance of the canned beans, underscoring the importance of this trait (Butler and Cichy 2011).