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While there have been at least seven QTL studies published on the inheritance of iron and zinc, applying these to marker assisted selection has not proved to be worthwhile (Freyre et al. 1998; Blair et al. 2009, 2010, 2011; Cichy et al. 2009, 2014; Blair and Izquierdo 2012). Any one QTL typically only provides the potential for a few ppm increase in iron or zinc, and these small levels would easily be confounded with environmental variation. Levels of Fe and Zn in the seed are influenced by the environment, especially soil fertility levels (Cichy et al. 2009; White and Broadley, 2009; Katuuramu et al. 2021). Genomic selection may hold promise to improve breeding gains. Future work is also likely to be more directed to iron bioavailability, as opposed to iron concentration, to achieve the maximum nutritional benefits to the consumer (Katuuramu et al. 2021).

Organic dry beans are a high‐value specialty crop of multiple market classes, including black, dark red kidney, and white kidney beans. Dry beans are an appealing option for organic farmers, since consumer demand is strong. The price premium for organic dry beans is 1.5–3 times that of conventionally produced beans. Controlling weeds and insect pests effectively without the use of pesticides is a major challenge for organic producers (Frick et al. 2017). Despite these constraints many larger producers continue to produce high‐quality organic beans but at resulting lower yields. In side‐by‐side studies over three years in Michigan, 36 bean varieties grown under organic production systems averaged 18% lower yields than under conventional systems (Heilig and Kelly 2012).