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1 1 “Production educates consumers, as it were, and creates new needs, so that initiative is on its side” (Schumpeter 1935, p. 94).

2 2 Faced with an unfulfilled need, some of these user-inventors nevertheless aspire to take advantage of their inventive capacity, and create companies (Shah and Tripsas 2016) or even file patents for this purpose. But ultimately, a very small percentage of such patented products reach the market phase (Dulakakhoria and Jana 2013), and the eventual transition to commercialization often involves the use of traditional manufacturers.

3 3 It is surprising that this original work in sports management does not rely on the actor-network theories that we will see in ssss1.

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