Читать книгу Innovation in Sport. Innovation Trajectories and Process Optimization онлайн

48 страница из 54

Table 1.1.

Type of bias Explanations and effects on the study of innovations Pro-innovation bias Taking for granted that innovation is positive, insisting on its virtues and neglecting the study of collateral effects and negative externalities. Understanding it less as a phenomenon to be studied than as a remedy to social and economic problems. Pro-success bias Drawing optimistic conclusions (feeding the pro-innovation bias) from the analysis of success (studying what worked). Leaving aside the analysis of unsuccessful projects and semi-failures, which are nevertheless in the majority and rich in lessons learned. Pro-disruptive innovation bias Associating innovation with disruption and exaggerating its “disruptive” character. Most often focusing on radical innovations while supporting and incremental innovations (recycling, maintenance are the majority). Originality bias Putting creativity and inventiveness on a pedestal. Associating innovation with the pioneering dimension of the precursor. Badmouthing imitation, considered the antithesis of innovation, although it is an integral part of the innovation process. Underestimating the rigidity and caution of most companies which are actually quicker to imitate and draw inspiration from others than to invent. Short-term bias Compressing the duration of innovation projects (being the first to market, introducing the novelty to the market and benefiting from a return on investment, keeping followers at bay). Accelerating innovation when real processes often take a long time. Overestimating the control that can be exerted on innovation processes. Pro-technological innovation bias Sanctifying technology as the main provider of solutions (“technological solutionism”), to the detriment of a detailed understanding of the problems to be solved. Approach sold as a technological fix to remedy the difficulties generated by the new solutions, thanks to other technological advances. Focusing on high-tech solutions (new technologies) and adding functionalities to the point of forgetting the low-tech possibilities (simplification, minimalism, removal, use or improvement of already proven technologies, continuity, etc.). Relegating service, organizational, process and social innovations to a secondary role. Pro-business bias Considering the enterprise, and in particular start-ups, as the natural cradle of innovations. Minimizing or even ignoring innovations coming from the third sector (associations, foundations), public actors or communities of practice (escaping at least temporarily from market-oriented rationale).