Читать книгу An Essay on the State of England. In Relation to Its Trade, Its Poor, and Its Taxes, for Carrying on the Present War Against France онлайн

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The Profits of England arise Originally from its Product and Manufactures at home, and from the grouths of those several Plantations it hath setled Abroad, and from the Fish taken on theCoasts, all which being Raised by the Industry of its Inhabitants are both its true Riches, andlikewise the Tools whereon it Trades to other Nations, the Products coming from the Earth, andthe Manufacturing them being an Addition to their value by the Labour of the People. Nowwhere we Barter these Abroad only for things to be Eat and Drank, or wasted among our selves,this doth not Increase our Wealth, but it is otherwise where we change them for Bulloin, orCommodities fit to be Mannufactured again.

Its Original.The first Original of Trade both Domestick and Forreign was Barter; when one private Person having an Overplus of what his Neighbour wanted, furnished him for its Value in suchCommodities the other had, and he stood in need of. The same when one Nation abounding inthose Products another wanted supply'd it therewith, and received thence things equallynecessary in their Roomes, and by how much those Products exceeded the Expence, so muchboth the one and the other grew Richer, the remainder being sold for Bulloin, or some StapleCommodities allowed by all to have the same Intrinsick Value. And as People increased so didCommerce, this caused many to go off from Husbandry to Manufactures and other ways ofliving, for Convenience whereof they began Communities, this was the Original of Towns,which being found necessary for Trade, their Inhabitants were increased by expectation ofProfit; this introduced Forreign Trade, or Traffick with Neighbouring Nations; this Navigation,and this a desire to settle rather on some Navigable Rivers, then in remote Inland Places,whereby they might be more easily supply'd with Commodities from the Country, and dispersethose they Imported from abroad.