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Source: © 2014 Photo courtesy of KARL STORZ SE & CO, KG.

Other types of retractors that are widely used in human laparoscopic surgery include the Cuschieri retractor, gastric banding retractors, and Leroy retractors (ssss1). The Cuschieri retractor was designed as safe retractor of the liver for extended periods of time during laparoscopic surgeries. When activated, the distal end roughly resembles a hexagon, allowing for support of a larger surface area. When closed, the retractor can also be used to move and retract other abdominal structures, such as the intestinal tract. A similar principle is used and advanced upon in newer designs based on the Cushieri articulating retractor. A variety of retractor shapes are available, including curved, triangular, circular, and pretzel shapes. Gastric banding retractors have a flat, angled distal end that is used to bluntly retract the stomach and intestines. A fenestration at the end of the instrument is used to secure a gastric band for passage around the esophagus. Leroy retractors come in a variety of configurations and are used in human colorectal surgery. These retractors may become more widely used as surgeons begin to perform more advanced procedures.