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ssss1 A Ternamian (i.e., threaded) EndoTIP stainless steel reusable cannula.

Source: © 2014 Photo courtesy of KARL STORZ SE & CO, KG.

ssss1 Multiple types of plastic reusable thoracic ports.

Source: © 2014 Photo courtesy of KARL STORZ SE & CO, KG.

Flexible ports or plastic cannulas have been used to gain access to the abdomen or chest (ssss1). Specialized Thoracoports (Covidien, Mansfield, MA) are plastic cannulas with plastic blunt trocars used for atraumatic entrance into the thoracic cavity to decrease the chance of iatrogenic damage to intercostal vessels or underlying structures (e.g., heart, esophagus, trachea) (ssss1). There are also many multiport systems available to veterinary surgeons today, which allow for a telescope and up to three instruments to be passed into a body cavity simultaneously through one incision. These ports are discussed elsewhere in detail. They have different advantages and disadvantages, including cost, resterilization ability, flexibility of instrument handling after the cannulas are engaged, and so on.