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In the latter nineteenth century, the interest was again renewed into using endoscopy. A French urologist, Antoine Jean Desormeaux (1815–1882), modified Bozzini's lichtleiter such that a mirror would reflect light from a kerosene lamp through a long metal channel, referring to his instrument as an “endoscope.” Desormeaux is considered a leader in early endoscopy development and perhaps the first to successfully employ the new technology for diagnostic and therapeutic use in clinical practice. Desormeaux's endoscope was certainly not without its flaws – the required positioning of the device entailed risks of burning the face of the physician or the thighs of the patient. Also, as catheter systems were not yet in use, urine would often “extinguish the flame, ruining the examination” [2].

The twentieth century saw rapid technology development, which led to more widespread promotion of endoscopy. Paralleled with this development was the improved safety and possibilities of surgical procedures provided by antibiotics, better anesthesia, and blood transfusions. By the 1930s, endo‐urologists had embraced the endoscopy technology with giddy enthusiasm, but surgical application was still lagging behind. Inadequate optics has been stated as one of the major reasons for this stall in progress.