Читать книгу Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition онлайн

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75 Yao, Z.D., Cao, Y.N., Peng, L.X., Yan, Z.Y. & Zhao, G. (2020). Coarse cereals and legume grains exert beneficial effects through their interaction with gut microbiota: A Review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69: 861–877.

76 Ye, H., Roorkiwal, M., Valliyodan, B., Zhou, L., Chen, P., Varshney, R.K. & Nguyen, H.T. (2018). Genetic diversity of root system architecture in response to drought stress in grain legumes. Journal of Experimental Botany 69: 3267–3277.

Phillip N. Miklas James D. Kelly and Karen A. Cichy

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  ssss1 Breeding procedures − hybridization

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  ssss1 Breeding for yield ssss1 ssss1 ssss1 ssss1 ssss1 ssss1 ssss1 Organic dry beans ssss1 ssss1

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Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) includes a wide array of edible dry bean seed types that differ in size, shape, and color and are known collectively as dry beans; and the many horticultural pod types that also vary in color, size, shape, and flavor known collectively as snap, or garden, or green beans. The major focus of this chapter will be on dry bean breeding, but many of the characteristics discussed are common to both horticultural types. Common bean is a self‐pollinated diploid crop (2n = 2x = 22) with a small genome size of approximately 587 million base pairs distributed along 11 chromosomes (Schmutz et al. 2014). The breeding systems used to improve the crop and the genetic structure of the varieties released to farmers is dependent on the pollination system and flower structure. Varieties are highly inbred homozygous pure lines that maintain their genetic integrity and stability for generations. Bean varieties do not ‘run out’ or change due to genetic drift, but perceived changes due to inadvertent seed mixtures that go undetected, low levels of outcrossing in the field, and the accumulation of seed borne bacterial, fungal and/or viral pathogens can occur. More subtle changes may result in differential performance from changes in climate or from the emergence of new pathogen strains to which the variety is not adapted or lacks resistance. Since beans are an inbreeding species, with no effective mechanism to transfer pollen, hybrid bean varieties are not a viable option at this time.