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US planting time depends on the speed of warm up in the spring and the length of growing season. Beans require soil temperatures of 13 ^°C at 5 cm depths to ensure favorable germination and growth. Dates can vary from mid‐May in the Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest to mid‐June in the East and Midwest to early July in California, which has a longer growing season. Seeding rates vary by seed types; small‐seeded navy and black beans at 40–60kg/ha; medium‐seeded pintos, red beans at 50–65 kg/ha; and larger‐seeded kidney and cranberry beans at 75–90 kg/ha.

ssss1 Bean production states comparison based on harvested acreage in 2020 and most common seed types grown.

Source: USDA‐NASS (2020a).

Most growers use a starter fertilizer (50 kg N/ha) based on soil type and analysis. Pre‐ and post‐emergence applied herbicides are widely used to control weeds as fewer farmers cultivate the crop so as not to disturb the soil surface for purposes of furrow irrigation in the western states or for direct harvest in the Midwest. In recent years, growers in Michigan have taken to rolling fields after planting to ensure a flat surface suitable for direct harvest and to bury stones to reduce damage to harvest equipment. Depending on production region, insecticides are applied at recommended rates to control an array of insect pests, including potato leaf hoppers, spider mites, thrips, bean beetles, western bean cutworms, and tarnished plant bugs that may appear in that region. Seed treatments with a mix of insecticide and fungicides, and often a bactericide, are used to control early season insect pests and diseases. Foliar fungicides are applied largely to control Sclerotinia white mold in more humid regions of the Midwest and Upper Midwest. For direct harvested beans, harvest‐aid chemicals are often used to ensure uniform dry‐down and desiccate weeds (Gaultier and Gulden 2016).