Читать книгу Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition онлайн

80 страница из 239

The first dry bean breeding program in the US was established at Michigan State University (formerly Michigan State College) in the early 1900s (MSU 2009). This was followed by the establishment of a breeding program at the University of Idaho in 1925 (Singh et al. 2007). The most recent bean‐breeding program was established at North Dakota State University in the early 1980s. Currently, there are four public bean‐breeding programs at major land grant Universities, four USDA‐ARS programs that focus on bean genetics and pathology and four private companies actively working on bean breeding. The reader is referred to a few reviews where different aspects of bean breeding are summarized (Kelly 2004, 2018; Miklas et al. 2006; Singh et al. 2007; Beaver and Osorno 2009; Singh and Schwartz 2010; Kelly and Bornowski 2018; Beaver et al. 2020).

Dry beans are a short season crop that matures in 85–100 days. Consequently, beans are produced largely in northern states or at higher elevations in the intermountain and western states. Approximately 70% acreage planted to beans in the US is grown under rainfed conditions in the East, Midwest, and Upper Midwest, whereas essentially all western production in semiarid states is grown under irrigation. Yields reflect the availability of water resources and the highest yields are produced in irrigated regions. The major production areas and seed types grown in these states are shown in ssss1. Beans are grown as a row crop in all states, and row widths vary by location, irrigation systems, and harvest methods. In recent years, growers in the Midwest have moved from wider 70–75 cm to narrower 35–55 cm row spacings as newer varieties are more upright, thus better suited for direct harvest. To optimize productivity and better utilize water in western states, growers tend to plant higher plant population densities in 55 cm row spacing. Few producers drill beans (18–25 cm rows), because it often results in shorter, more difficult‐to‐harvest plants and inconsistent yield advantages.