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Jean-Baptiste Yon

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Ted Kaizer

The lands of the Near East – including Syria and the Lebanon, Eastern Turkey, Iraq, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Jordan and parts of Saudi Arabia – can no longer be considered by ancient historians as some sort of exotic “appendix” to the classical world. Their exploration, gathering speed throughout the last century, is continuing to produce major results. The findings of the legendary missions from what is now long ago will forever form the foundations of our current research: the excavations and surveys conducted under the French Mandate (Gelin 2002), by leading names such as Daniel Schlumberger, Henri Seyrig, or the Russian-born Georges Tchalenko; the evocative campaigns by German scholars (Wilhelm 1998) such as Walter Andrae, Otto Puchstein, or Theodor Wiegand; the Princeton archaeological expeditions to Syria of 1904–1905 and 1909; and the discoveries made at Dura-Europos by the joint mission of Yale University and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris, under the scientific co-directorship of Franz Cumont and, especially, Mikhaïl Rostovtzeff. As one of the longest running series of annual campaigns special mention may also be made of the Polish mission at Palmyra, commenced by Kazimierz Michałowski in the late 1950s and led by Michał Gawlikowski from 1973 until the outbreak of the recent civil war.