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Figure 24.1 The central colonnade and the arch at Palmyra, viewed from the temple of Nebu. © T. Kaizer.

Figure 24.2 The temple of Bel at Palmyra. © T. Kaizer.

Figure 25.1 Plan of Dura-Europos, drawn by A.H. Detweiler, with labels added by J.A. Baird. Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

Figure 25.2 View from the citadel of Dura-Europos over the Euphrates. © T. Kaizer.

Figure 25.3 Head of Zeus Megistos from Dura-Europos. Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

Figure 27.1 The great iwans in the central temple complex at Hatra. © T. Kaizer.

Figure 28.1 Rock drawing with Safaitic inscription, “By ʾghsm son of Shmt is [the drawing of] the oxen pulling the plough.” Photograph courtesy of the Badia Epigraphic Survey in 2017, see APSI 1 in OCIANA.

Figure 30.1 Roman roads in Syria and Mesopotamia. © B. Isaac.

Figure 30.2 Roman roads in Judaea and Arabia. © B. Isaac.

Figure 31.1 Political map of the Roman Near East, 30 bc. © A.J.M. Kropp.

Figure 31.2 Petra, Qaṣr al-Bint and its temenos, view to the east from el-Ḥabīs. © A.J.M. Kropp.