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It is not until after the middle of the seventeenth century that authentic references to blood transfusion are to be found. The first is in the writings of Francesco Folli, a Florentine physician, who claims to have demonstrated the operation of transfusion of blood on August 13, 1654, to the Grand Duke Frederick II. There does not seem to be any confirmation of this in the writings of others. A few years later experimental work tending in the same direction was being done in England, and the inception of this was due to the ingenious Sir Christopher Wren, who in this connexion has not hitherto received the recognition that is his due. Dr. Wren, as he was designated at the time, was one of the most active members of the recently formed Royal Society, and was responsible for many new experiments in several sciences. It is clear from references in the Philosophical Transactions that his first experiments were done in 1659, and the following statement is made by Dr. Thomas Sprat in his History of the Royal Society, published in 1667: