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The same enlightened author considers that mechanical deposites from the urine, although composed of the same general ingredients, may, in a pathological point of view, be conveniently divided into three classes, viz. Pulverulent or Amorphous Sediments; 2. Crystalline Sediments, usually denominated gravel; and 3. Solid Concretions, or calculi formed by the aggregation of these latter sediments. The first of these may be passed over, as unconnected with the present subject; the latter however constitutes an essential object of research; for a complete acquaintance with the chemical history of calculi can alone furnish the true indications of cure.

Scheele,^[198] with whom the inquiry originated, conceived that every calculus consisted of a peculiar concrete acid, soluble in alkaline lixivia, and which Morveau denominated the Lithic Acid; but the subsequent researches of Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Wollaston, Pearson, Henry, Brande, Marcet, and Prout, have demonstrated the existence of several bodies in the composition of urinary calculi, viz. Lithic Acid; Phosphate of Lime; Ammoniaco-magnesian Phosphate; Oxalate of Lime; Cystic Oxide;^[199] and Xanthic Oxide;^[200] to which may be added an animal cementing ingredient. The varieties of calculi produced by the combination or intermixture of these ingredients, are represented in the following Tabular Arrangement.