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10. Scapula or Shoulder Blade.—The scapula is a flat bone situated on the antero-lateral (front side) surface of the thorax or chest cavity, it is triangular in shape, the base being turned upwards. The inferior or lower extremity articulates with the humerus or shoulder bone.

11. Humerus or Shoulder Bone.—The humerus is a long bone extending from the scapula to the radius and ulna in an oblique direction downwards and backwards. Like all long bones it possesses a shaft and two extremities and two articular surfaces.

12. Radius, or Bone of the Fore-arm.—The radius is a long bone, and occupies a vertical position between the humerus and the carpus.

13. Ulna, or Bone of the Fore-arm.—The ulna is an irregular bone, in form triangular, with the base uppermost, and is placed on the supero-posterior or (upper and back) part of the radius.

14. Carpus, or Knee.—The carpus, knee or wrist, as it is incorrectly termed in quadrupeds, is composed of seven and often of eight small, irregular bones arranged in two rows of three each, one above the other, the seventh being at the back of the three in the upper row, and the eight, when present, in a similar position with respect to the lower row. Their names are as follows: scaphoid, lunar bone, cuneiform bone, trapezium, trapezoid, os magnus, unciform, pisiform, which is not always present.