Читать книгу Approaching Victimology as social science for Human rights a Spanish perspective онлайн

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In general, Spain does not have high rates of registered victimisation. Despite the lack of sustainable victim surveys, according to police statistics (briefly mentioned in a previous chapter), registered crime is steady or decreasing. In the last years, sexual violence and gender violence is growing slightly, particularly in the cyber space. There is an emerging social awareness on the victimisation of victims of hate crimes; human trafficking; police brutality and sexual abuse in institutional settings (schools, sports clubs, etc.). There is also a growing academic interest in quantifying victims of corporate, environmental and white-collar crime in general, although this is mostly considered as diffuse victimisation.

Beyond criminal victimisation, the term “victim” is also deployed in Spain today for victims such as the victims of the Covid-19; victims of natural disasters; victims of suicides (Tollefson, 2015)ssss1; and victims of accidents.

At the international level, Spain has signed and ratified all relevant Conventions (against discrimination against women, rights of the child, International Criminal Court, the Palermo Convention, etc.). At the level of the Council of Europe, Spain has also signed and ratified all the main Conventions in this matter, e.g.: the European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes, the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, the Istanbul Convention, etc. At the level of the EU, Spain has adopted all the mandatory legislation, particularly the victims’ rights Directive of 2012 and specific Directives on victims of human trafficking, child victims of sexual exploitation and child pornography and terrorism.