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ssss1 Various energy devices and their capabilities.

Energy device (manufacturer) Monopolar Bipolar Tissue sealing Ultrasonic dissector Force triad (Valley Lab, Boulder, CO) ✓ ✓ ✓ Ethicon Gen11 generator (Ethicon, Cincinnati, OH) ✓ ✓ Sonicision (Covidien, North Haven, CT) ✓ Altrus (Conmed, Utica NY) ✓ Ultracision (Ethicon, Cincinnati, OH) ✓ Autosonix (Covidien North Haven, CT) ✓ Thunderbeat (Olympus, Center Valley, PA) ✓ ✓ JustRight^TM JR 100 (Bolder Surgical Louisville, CO) ✓ Caiman Lektrafuse RF generator (Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) ✓

Ultrasound waves are sound waves with a frequency above the upper limit of human hearing (>20 kHz). Sound wave energy used in surgical devices typically occurs at frequencies of 23–55 kHz. Ultrasonic surgical devices are capable of cutting, desiccation, protein coagulation, and cavitation (a hybrid form of vaporization facilitating dissection). The advantage of this form of energy is that an electrical circuit is not required, which eliminates the risk of direct and indirect coupling injuries that may occur in laparoscopy, as well as neural stimulation, which can result in cardiac and respiratory arrest.