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It is important to note the diversity of trade routes that contributed to the dissemination of common beans throughout the world (ssss1). Southwestern Native Americans moved many small white and black beans as well as mottled pinto types north from Mexican origins (Schumacher and Boland 2017). Native Americans maintained active trading of beans throughout North America and taught early seventeenth‐century European immigrants how to grow and prepare beans. The active sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century Spanish and Portuguese commerce (i.e., precious metals and the slave trade) moved large‐seeded beans from South America to Africa and Europe. Many of the beans currently grown in Africa have direct linkage to South American origins. European immigration and trade to North America resulted in introduction of these South American large‐seeded bean types (e.g., kidney and cannellini) (Kaplan 1965; Anon. 2020).

ssss1 Dry beans dispersal and trade routes.

Source: Adapted from Schuchert (2020) and Kelly (2020).