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Botanically, legumes are dicotyledonous seeds of plants belonging to the family Fabaceae (formerly identified as Leguminosae), which is one of the three largest families of flowering plants (Jin et al. 2019). These annual plants possess herbaceous stems with tri‐foliate leaves. The flowers are flat (butterfly or keel‐shaped) and develop seeds of various sizes, shapes, and colors, which are produced in a single cavity pod. All members of the Fabaceae have the characteristic of bearing pods, but the plants vary in size from the tiny wild vetches of the temperate zones to large tropical trees. The family is divided into three sub‐families with about two‐thirds of the total species in the sub‐family Papilionoideae, tribe Phaseoleae, subtribe Phaseolinae (Gepts 2001). This more recent nomenclature was prepared to provide names that are more representative of the dry beans within the family.

ssss1 Selected dry beans and pulses in Fabaceae family.

A comprehensive classification of Phaseolus has been prepared in a definitive monograph (Freytag and Debouck 2002). The genus Phaseolus also contains five domesticated species: in decreasing order of importance, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lima bean (P. lunatus L.), runner bean (P. coccineus L.), tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray), and year bean (P. polyanthus Greenman). Each has distinct adaptations and reproductive systems: mesic and temperate, predominantly self‐pollinated; warm and humid, predominantly self‐pollinated; hot and dry, cleistogamous; cool and humid, outcrossing; and cool and humid, outcrossing, respectively (Gepts 2001).