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Significant quantities of dry beans are shipped under defined conditions to Western European markets. Traditionally, beans were shipped in 100‐pound jute sacks stacked directly within cargo ship holds (Thompson et al. 1962). Currently, these shipments are secured in unit cargo containers (8 × 8 × 20 feet) and sealed throughout transit. Typically, dry edible beans have been shipped via 100‐pound sacks stacked uniformly within the cargo container. Sanitation of containers must be controlled and carefully inspected to assure uncontaminated transit. Research has demonstrated security of moisture gradients and temperature profiles throughout these containers (Anthony et al. 1982; Uebersax et al. 1983).

Transatlantic tote shipments are commercially successful in routine container shipments. These procedures enable the shipping of large polypropylene totes (dimensions 42 × 42 × 84 inches), each with a net weight of approximately 4,000 pounds (2 tons). These bulk bags are shipped with support pallets and constitute a significant labor reduction in the handling in both loading and unloading of the cargo.