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The design process is based on the creation of different forms of representations (Goel 1995). It is an iterative process in which designers propose and analyze forms to achieve identified functions. The generation of these forms depends on the designers’ abilities to create internal, mental and external visualizations (Cross and Roy 1989). Drawing is thus a key function of design, and the role of this activity evolves throughout the process. Drawing allows the designer to transform ideas into concepts, thus conceptualizing (Cross and Roy 1989; Ullman et al. 1990), to make these concepts communicable, and then to specify technical details (Bertoline 1999). Sketching allows designers to change their level of abstraction, expand their short-term memory to facilitate problem solving (Ullman 2003) and improve their exploration processes that are essential to understanding (Cross 1999).

Sketches in a design project, to be effective, must possess a number of characteristics identified by Buxton (2007):