Читать книгу Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy онлайн

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Despite the wide range of smaller scopes available on the market, the most common choices for surgical procedures in dogs and cats are 2.4 mm × 18 cm × 30°, 2.7 mm × 18 cm × 30°, and the 3.0 mm × 14 cm × 0°. For those scopes, the trocar diameter ranges from 2.5 to 3.9 mm according to the size and accessory instruments.

The increasing demand for more advanced and complex procedures, which lead many surgeons to choose a VALS (video‐assisted laparoscopic surgery) or VATS (video‐assisted thoracic surgery) approach, has also resulted in the increasing use of exoscopes. An exoscope vastly improves visibility without occupying space inside the cavity being operated and also offers magnification abilities that provide up to 26 times the real structures' dimensions. The ergonomics and extended possibilities of exoscopes in combination with fluorescence technologies or 3D imaging put these surgical aids among the top requested trends, both in open and endoscopic‐assisted surgical procedures. The standard exoscope is 10 mm in diameter and 11 cm long and has high‐powered special illumination components. A 90° angle of view exoscope is available, which interferes as little as possible with the surgeon's instrumentation and range of motion, when enhanced ergonomics are desired. Special fluorescence technology exoscopes exist as well, which help map either vascular or neoplastic tissues, thus enabling the surgeon to identify the safest surgical margins.