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ssss1 Operating laparoscopes. (A). Right angled. (B). Oblique.

Source: © KARL STORZ SE & Co. KG, Germany.

The viewing angle of a telescope is an important consideration because it affects both orientation and visual access (ssss1). Standard forward‐viewing telescopes (0°) provide the simplest spatial orientation, centered on the axis of the telescope, but they present a relatively limited viewing field. A 30° distal tip angle allows the surgeon to view a larger area by simply rotating the shaft of the telescope on its longitudinal axis [8, 9]. With experience, the operator becomes proficient at using angled telescopes, thus gaining a wider viewing field. Telescopes with more acute tip angulations are also available (70, 90, and 120°), but they are rarely used in small animal laparoscopy and thoracoscopy [1–5].

Relatively new dynamic‐range rigid telescopes are available with a variable viewing angle, allowing the surgeon to control angulation from 0 to 120°, with a mechanical twisting mechanism near the eyepiece: ENDOCAMELEON – Karl Storz SE & Co. (ssss1). These newer telescopes are currently used for selected procedures, mainly because of their versatile viewing abilities [10–12].