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The major limitation in FIGS is the availability of clinically approved fluorescent dyes. Indocyanine Green has been widely used as a nonspecific agent to detect sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) during surgery.

ICG‐NIR is classified as a nontargeted dye. This means that following administration, the pharmacokinetics of the molecule are known in detail, and this defines whether a probe is a good imaging agent for the observation of a given target according to its biodistribution, excretion pathways, accumulation patterns, etc. In general, nontargeted probes show poor differentiation between malignant and healthy tissue boundaries. A major area of research in fluorescence imaging is the identification and approval of new targeted dyes, which will offer better tissue differentiation at a reasonable cost.

Future trends in fluorescence imaging will depend on the research and development of antibody binding and specific tissue‐binding dye abilities. This step will expand the opportunities for targeted oncologic surgery and specific planning for complete tissue resection. Most of these specific fluorophore molecules rely on NIR fluorescence properties, and their ability to bind to receptors on specific cell membranes or extracellular matrix enzymes. They can efficiently recognize the intended molecular target and selectively accumulate on the malignancy sites, thereby rendering dramatic improvements in signal‐to‐background ratio over nontargeted probes.