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The complete system can be switched from standard white light mode to NIR/ICG mode, and vice versa, simply by foot‐pedal control, or with camera head buttons on the new generation 4K NIR/ICG cameras (RUBINA^® – KARL STORZ). When used in NIR/ICG fluorescence mode, the technology can either offer images in blue or green, which enhances the image in highly perfused and fluorescent areas (blue mode), to more intense fluorescence and detailed delineation against surrounding tissue (green mode) [20–22]. RUBINA cameras (KARL STORZ) present also other NIR/ICG advantages such as Monochromatic Fluorescence which enables black and white imaging mode for better operating contrast, sharper edges, and brightness (ssss1a).

Videoendoscopic oncologic surgery can benefit from NIR technology, since ICG is used to map neoplastic tissues and their lymphatic drainage. Consequently, mapped lymph nodes are surgically removed, allowing for subsequent histopathological analysis. Sentinel lymph node mapping is now enhanced with the use of the Fluorescence Intensity Map, since it achieves an improved distinction between lymph nodes and surrounding lymphatic pathways.