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ssss1 The ProMis augmented reality trainer is a combination of a physical box trainer and a virtual reality overlay used in many surgical exercises.

Source: Photo courtesy of CAE Healthcare, © 2014 CAE Healthcare.

In our experience, the use of surgical instruments adds realism to the simulation, which is in agreement with studies comparing AR with VR simulation [29, 33, 34]. However, an even bigger advantage for veterinary surgery is the ability to use novel physical models for simulation. Species‐specific models can be custom made and used in the ProMIS, obtaining motion metrics feedback. The VALT laboratory has recently developed a simulated canine laparoscopic ovariectomy model and is currently working to incorporating this model into AR training. Unfortunately, the ProMIS simulator is currently unavailable because the manufacturing company has changed and the previous model is discontinued. With the advancement of technology, similar products are, however, available with different companies, in combination with VR or 3D technology.