Читать книгу Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy онлайн

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Very few high‐fidelity veterinary simulation models are commercially available. Ideally, such analog models should be low cost, physiologically and anatomically similar to dogs and cats, and with inherent means of objective assessment of the skills. For training of M.D. surgeons, a number of procedures have been identified for which simulator models have been developed. Hopefully, the future will see a similar development on the veterinary side. Until then, some of the models used for M.D. surgeons may have value. However, prior to training programs investing in costly tools, the models need validation. Validation evidence is a complex subject [38, 39], but as a concept aims to show that the model represents the intended skills and is clinically relevant. This often starts with face and content validation. If a veterinary expert, with ample experience of successfully performing the particular surgery, is not able to do the simulated procedure effectively, the model content may be faulty (“too hard”). The model anatomy or physiology may be different enough to not effectively simulate veterinary conditions. Conversely, if a novice seems to perform the procedure more effectively than a laparoscopic expert, the model content may not be of appropriate challenge level (“too easy”). Even if the content of the model is validated, simply having the model available for trainees will not reach educational goals. Use of such models does not circumvent the need for principles of deliberate practice. The trainee needs to be at the appropriate training level for the modeled procedure, know the training goals and objectives, and will need individual feedback to truly benefit.