Читать книгу Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy онлайн

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In veterinary medicine, there is limited accessibility to the VR trainer. A recent study conducted by the VALT laboratory failed to demonstrate the construct validation on VR trainer [29]. Based on our experience, using VR simulator does not provide superior results compared to traditional box trainers.

VR simulation has been criticized for the lack of realistic haptic feedback [30]; therefore, hybrid, or AR, simulators were developed that combine a live and a virtual environment. A number of AR simulators are commercially available [31]. To date, the most validated system is the ProMIS simulator (CAE Healthcare, Montreal, Quebec; ssss1), which has been used in the VALT laboratory since 2010. Tasks are performed in a box trainer using real instruments, but a virtual interface can be placed over the image of the camera. Three cameras are used for motion tracking of the physical instruments in three planes. Therefore, objective metrics such as instrument path and economy of movement (i.e., velocity and directional changes over time, also expressed as motion smoothness) are provided. The metrics used have showed construct validity in suturing tasks and in the ability to separate expert colorectal surgeons from experienced laparoscopic, but novice colorectal, surgeons [32, 33].