Читать книгу Approaching Victimology as social science for Human rights a Spanish perspective онлайн

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The first Victimology did not look at the whole picture of victimisationssss1. Positivist Victimology was later developed in the fifties in the United States by Ellenberger, who studied the victim risk, as well as Wolfgang, who focussed on victim precipitation in homicide and stated that the victim was the first to use violence or a weapon in 26% of the 588 homicides studied in Philadelphia and committed during the period 1948-1952. Following Wolfgang, Menachem Amir studied rape in that city under a victim-blaming assumption, for example, in relation to the consumption of alcohol. Positivist Victimology has remained always current in criminal law and witnessed a renewed interest in it in the 1980s with the so-called victim-dogmatic hypothesis (studying the self-responsibility of the victims and the role of consent, provocation, legitimate defence and necessity in certain crimes).

Modern Victimology was born in the 1960s, influenced by women rights and civil rights movements promoting victim support groups, legislation and policies, first in the United States and other Anglo-Saxon countries and later in Europe and elsewhere. Stephan Schafer (1968) can be thought of as a victimologist in the transition from positivist to modern Victimology, softening the formal or legalistic and individualistic vision of criminal law. In 1968, he published the first handbook on Victimology.