Читать книгу The Politeness/Impoliteness Divide. English-Based Theories and Speech Acts Practice in Moroccan Arabic онлайн

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Brown and Levinson grouped these politeness strategies that speakers use to reduce the impact of an FTA into five categories, ranging from the most to the least polite:

Figure 1

(Brown & Levinson, 1978: 74)

The first difference is between enacting an FTA on record (strategies 1, 2, and 3) or FTA off record (strategy 4). On record denotes an expression with “one unambiguously attributable intention with which witnesses would concur”, and off record refers to an expression, which has “more than one unambiguously attributable intention” (Brown and Levinson 1978: 73-74). A good illustration of on record strategy would be when S wants H to open the window because it is hot and manages to formulate a direct request to H by saying ‘would you mind if I open the window?’ An off record strategy, on the other hand, is when the S formulates an indirect request by saying ‘it is hot in here’.

Bald on record (strategy1) refers to an action without redress and “involves doing it in the most direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way possible” (Brown & Levinson, 1978: 74). Strategies (2) and (3) refer to an act with redressive action “‘giv[ing] face’ to the addressee” (Brown and Levinson 1978: 74), that is, using “positive politeness” (strategy 2) which is “oriented towards the positive face of H, the positive image that he claims for himself”. Moreover, strategy (3) is “oriented mainly toward partially satisfying (redressing) H’s negative face, his basic want to maintain claims of territory and self-determination” (ibid: 75).