Читать книгу The Politeness/Impoliteness Divide. English-Based Theories and Speech Acts Practice in Moroccan Arabic онлайн

29 страница из 36

a. Minimise benefit to self.

b. Maximise cost to self.

3. Approbation maxim (in expressives and assertives):

a. Minimise praise to self.

b. Maximise praise to other.

4. Modesty maxim (in expressive and assertive):

a. Minimise praise to self.

b. Maximise dispraise of self.

5. Agreement maxim (in assertive):

a. Minimise disagreement between self and other.

b. Maximise agreement between self and other.

6. Sympathy maxim (in assertive):

a. Minimise antipathy between self and other.

b. Maximise sympathy between self and other.

Lakoff (1973) followed Grice’s CP in an attempt to account for politeness. Unlike Grice, Lakoff broadened the notion of grammatical rule as associated with well-formedness to pragmatics and applied it to the field of politeness, where she claimed that specific constructions of some sentences can convey politeness. Lakoff envisages politeness as “a device used in order to reduce friction in personal interaction (Lakoff 1979: 64). Pragmatic competence for Lakoff is based on two rules: “Be Clear”, this rule deriving basically from Grice’s maxim; and “Be Polite”. These two rules are claimed by Lakoff as dichotomous, i.e. in some contexts they reinforce each other and in other contexts come into conflict. Thus, she proposed a set of politeness sub-maxims. The first sub-maxim, “Don’t Impose”, is said to be necessary for formal and impersonal politeness. The second, “Give Options”, is required for informal politeness. The third sub-maxim, “Make ‘A’ Feel good”, is required for intimate relations.