Читать книгу The Politeness/Impoliteness Divide. English-Based Theories and Speech Acts Practice in Moroccan Arabic онлайн

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Politeness and the post-modern view: Recent work on politeness has tended to rely on two approaches, namely “the traditional” approach inspired basically by Grice’s Cooperative Maxims, and/or in speech act theory and work deriving from this (Lakoff 1973, Brown and Levinson 1978-1987, Leech 1983). The premises established by the former, classic movement were soon disclaimed by the “Post-Modern” view in which politeness is captured as emerging from participants’ own perception of politeness (Ellen 2001, Mills 2003, Watts 2003 cit. in Terkourafi 2005: 237). On this view, politeness falls within two categories, “first-order” and “second-order” politeness (Watts et al. 1992). The first of these refers to how politeness is determined by ordinary people and how it is defined in dictionaries, for instance. The second term, however, relates politeness to theories such as face-work and maxims (which is how politeness is typically approached by modern researchers in the field of pragmatics). The post-modern view encompasses social theories, such as Bourdieu’s practice-based theory of “habitus”; here, politeness is conceived of as “contested” conversely to the traditional view, with the claim that politeness is a matter of “shared norms”, that is, politeness is regulated by social norms rather than by pragmatic rules. Eelen (2001) provides a useful summary: